Parson Russell Terrier

The Parson Russell Terrier owes its name and development to the Reverend John “Jack” Russell, a passionate fox hunter and dog breeder from Devon, England, in the first half of the 19th century. Parson Russell aimed to create a terrier that was courageous enough to “go to ground” and bolt foxes from their dens, yet athletic enough with longer legs to keep up with the mounted hunt and Foxhounds. He sought a dog that was primarily white to avoid being mistaken for the fox during the chaos of the hunt.

His foundation bitch, “Trump,” acquired in 1819, is considered the matriarch of the breed. Parson Russell meticulously bred his terriers for working ability, stamina, and courage, rather than for a specific show appearance. For many years, terriers of this type were broadly referred to as “Jack Russell Terriers.” However, over time, different types emerged, with some being shorter-legged and longer-bodied (now typically the Jack Russell Terrier or Russell Terrier in some registries) and others, like the Parson Russell Terrier, retaining the longer-legged, more squarely built conformation better suited for following horses. The Parson Russell Terrier was officially recognized as a distinct breed by The Kennel Club (UK) in 1990 and by the American Kennel Club in 1997, distinguishing it from its shorter-legged cousins.

The Parson Russell Terrier is known for its energetic, tenacious, and highly intelligent temperament. They are true terriers at heart – courageous, confident, and always ready for action and adventure. PRTs are typically very playful and possess a good sense of humor, often entertaining their families with their spirited antics. They form strong bonds with their people and can be very affectionate and loyal, though they are not typically docile lapdogs; they prefer to be active and involved.

Their intelligence is often paired with a strong independent streak and a determined, sometimes stubborn, nature. They were bred to think for themselves while working. Parson Russell Terriers have a very strong prey drive and an innate instinct to dig, bark, and chase small animals. Early and consistent socialization is crucial to ensure they are well-mannered, especially around other dogs (as terriers can be feisty) and to manage their interactions with strangers (towards whom they can be alert). They require an owner who appreciates their spirited character and can provide confident, positive leadership and plenty of outlets for their energy.

The Parson Russell Terrier comes in two coat types, both of which are double-coated and weather-resistant:

• Smooth-coated: Has a short, flat, dense coat that is relatively easy to maintain with weekly brushing.
• Broken-coated (or Wiry): Has a harsh, wiry outer coat with a dense undercoat, and often some longer hair forming slight eyebrows and a beard. This coat type requires more grooming, including weekly brushing to prevent matting and occasional hand-stripping (plucking dead outer hairs) two to three times a year to maintain its correct texture and appearance. Clipping is an option for pet dogs but will soften the coat’s texture.

Both coat types are predominantly white with tan, black, or lemon markings, or tri-color (white with black and tan). They are considered moderate shedders. Regular nail trims, ear cleaning, and diligent dental care are essential for both coat types, as terriers can be prone to dental issues.

Parson Russell Terriers are high-energy, athletic dogs that require a significant amount of vigorous daily exercise to stay physically fit and mentally stimulated. They were bred for stamina and an active working life. This is not a breed suited for a sedentary lifestyle; they need consistent outlets for their considerable energy.

Aim for at least one to two hours of robust activity per day. Excellent exercise options for a Parson Russell Terrier include:

• Long, brisk daily walks, jogging, or running alongside a bicycle (once fully mature and conditioned).
• Off-leash play in a very large, extremely securely fenced area. Their intelligence, agility, and strong prey drive mean they can be escape artists and will chase small animals. Fences should be high and also secure at the bottom to prevent digging out.
• Canine sports that challenge their athleticism and intelligence, such as Earthdog trials (their original purpose!), agility, flyball, obedience, or lure coursing.
• Interactive games like fetch with a sturdy ball, or puzzle toys to engage their sharp minds.

Without a sufficient outlet for their energy and intelligence, Parson Russell Terriers are prone to developing behavioral problems such as destructiveness, excessive barking, or compulsive digging. They thrive in active homes with owners who can provide them with demanding physical and mental challenges.

Parson Russell Terriers are generally a hardy and healthy breed with a good lifespan, but like all purebred dogs, they can be susceptible to certain genetic health conditions. Responsible breeders screen their breeding stock. Potential health concerns include:

• Patellar Luxation: Dislocation of the kneecap, common in many small terrier breeds.
• Eye Conditions: Including Primary Lens Luxation (PLL), cataracts, and Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA). DNA testing for PLL and regular eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist are crucial for breeding stock.
• Deafness: Congenital deafness, particularly in predominantly white dogs, can occur. BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) testing can identify this in puppies.
• Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease:** A hip joint disorder affecting small breeds.
• Ataxia (Late Onset Cerebellar Ataxia):** A neurological condition affecting coordination. DNA testing is available.
• Dental Issues:** Regular dental care is important.